Also known as: related-or-subordinate · related · subordinate
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
2 senses
A connection by blood, marriage, or close personal association.
A position of lesser authority or control.
Each sense below has its own examples, sources, and questions.
A connection by blood, marriage, or close personal association.
Rosa Ruiz offered to settle a contract dispute with Riverfront Developments during negotiations. When the case went to trial, Riverfront tried to introduce statements from those talks to show the claim's validity. The court excluded the evidence because the statements were made during compromise negotiations related to the claim.
Rhea Reynolds and Ronald Reed were charged with multiple conspiracies involving different drug suppliers. Prosecutors sought to try the cases together. The court permitted joinder because the conspiracies alleged were so related that they constituted different aspects of a scheme of organized criminal conduct.
Rajesh Rao left his firm and later represented a client adverse to a former client of the firm. The remaining lawyers screened Rao from the matter. The court allowed the representation because the new matter was not the same or substantially related to the one in which the formerly associated lawyer had represented the client.
Rachel Ramirez sued a manufacturer in State A for injuries suffered there. Nonresident plaintiffs joined with similar claims lacking any forum connection. The court dismissed the nonresidents' claims because specific personal jurisdiction requires a connection between the forum and each plaintiff's claim.
Rina Rahman brought a federal question claim in district court and added a related state-law claim against an additional defendant. The court exercised jurisdiction over the state claim because it was so related to the federal claim that the two formed part of the same case or controversy under Article III.
Riverfront Developments refused to make mortgage financing available to applicants of a particular national origin. The court found a violation because the company engaged in residential real estate-related transactions and discriminated in making those transactions available on a prohibited basis.
A trustee who is related or subordinate to the grantor within the meaning of I.R.C. § 672(c) causes the grantor's retained powers to be attributed to the grantor for estate tax purposes.
Evidence from negotiations related to the claim is inadmissible to prove validity or amount but may be admitted for another purpose such as proving bias or negating undue delay.
Conspiracies may be jointly prosecuted when they are so related that they constitute different aspects of a scheme of organized criminal conduct, even if they involve different parties.
A position of lesser authority or control.
A firm may represent a person with interests materially adverse to a former client of the departed lawyer unless the matter is the same or substantially related to the one handled by the former associate.
Specific personal jurisdiction requires a connection between the forum and each plaintiff's claim. Claims by nonresidents lacking forum-related activity or injury cannot be joined even if similar resident claims are properly before the court.
Supplemental jurisdiction exists over claims so related to those within original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III, including claims involving joinder or intervention of additional parties.