tort-feasor

…Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor. The reason is that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a State from imposing a “grossly excessive” punishment on a tortfeasor. The principle that excessive or…

…caused a constitutional tort. In particular, we conclude that a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory. We begin with the language of § 1983 as originally passed: "[ A ] ny person…

…to cases like this one, where the tortious action was worse than negligent but less than malicious,[^app-22] exposing the tortfeasor to certain regulatory sanctions and inevitable damage actions;[^app-23] the 3:1 ratio in these States also applies to awards in quite different cases involving some of the most egregious…

…557 N.W.2d 67 (1996). ¶ 41. The Due Process Clause prohibits the court from imposing a " 'grossly excessive' " punishment on a tortfeasor. BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore , 116 S. Ct. 1589, 1592 (1996) (quoting TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp. , 509 U.S. 443, 454 (1993)). The Due Process Clause dictates…