Also known as: including, without limitation · include without limitation · including but not limited to · without limiting the generality
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
A drafting phrase that introduces a non-exhaustive list of examples. It signals that the enumerated items illustrate but do not restrict the broader category being described.
Judge Harlan learns that his niece's law firm represents the defendant in a contract dispute before him. Harlan steps aside from the case after reviewing the disqualification standard. The niece's involvement supplies one ground that triggers the need for recusal.
During a custody hearing, counsel refers to the mother's Caribbean heritage when questioning her fitness. The judge immediately directs counsel to stop and instructs the jury to disregard the comments. The intervention prevents the remarks from influencing the proceeding.
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Defense counsel makes five separate comments about the plaintiff's sexual orientation while cross-examining damages witnesses. The judge sustains each objection and orders counsel to cease. The sustained objections keep the trial focused on admissible evidence.
Judge Rivera agrees to serve on the planning committee for a bar association's annual ethics seminar. Rivera also helps solicit contributions from other judges outside her supervisory chain. Both activities fall within permitted judicial participation.
Alcoa and Essex enter a long-term aluminum supply agreement containing a price-escalation clause. When market conditions shift dramatically, Alcoa seeks reformation. The court examines whether the clause covers the unforeseen events that altered the parties' original expectations.
Massachusetts issues regulations restricting outdoor tobacco advertising near schools. Lorillard challenges the rules as overbroad. The Court analyzes whether the restrictions satisfy the requirements for commercial-speech regulation while leaving other promotional channels open.
The phrase signals that the list supplies examples only and does not exhaust the category. Any item fitting the broader description remains covered even if omitted from the list.
Supporting sources
No. The phrase keeps the rule's prohibition or permission open-ended. Conduct or circumstances that match the described category remain covered whether or not they match one of the listed examples.
The phrase renders the clause illustrative rather than restrictive. Activities that qualify as renewable energy work remain authorized even if they differ from the specific servicing and monitoring examples listed.
Supporting sources
No. The phrase still limits appointees to the class the donor named. An appointment outside that class remains ineffective regardless of additional descriptive language.
Supporting sources
…for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions . . . , including but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites”).[^maj-8] Congress recognized that certain substances, such as…