Also known as: in the future
Written by attorneys · grounded in primary & secondary sources — see below
An adverbial phrase denoting action or effect that arises or continues at a later time rather than immediately. The phrase identifies obligations, interests, or consequences that become operative only after the moment of creation or occurrence.
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Ira Irving's company deliberately dumped toxic waste near a residential area. After the jury found outrageous conduct, it awarded punitive damages to punish Ira and to deter him and others like him from similar conduct in the future.
Israel Irving conveyed Blackacre to his daughter for life, remainder to his grandson. The grandson received a future interest that did not entitle him to possession until his mother's death.
Igor Ito faced an attacker wielding a knife. He used force that he knew could cause permanent loss of function to an important organ, conduct that the law treats as likely to produce serious bodily harm.
Ideal Solutions held a mortgage on a farm. During the Depression the state extended the redemption period, postponing the mortgagee's right to foreclose until economic conditions improved.
Ivy Investments owned waterfront parcels. The city condemned the land for a planned economic redevelopment project that would not be completed for several years.
Inertia Dynamics owned an apartment building. The city authorized a cable company to install equipment that would remain attached to the building indefinitely.
In futuro identifies rights or effects that arise only at a later time. In praesenti identifies rights or effects that arise immediately upon the act creating them.
Supporting sources
The covenants of quiet enjoyment and warranty run with the land and protect the grantee against future breaches. The covenants of seizin and right to convey are broken, if at all, at the moment of conveyance.
Supporting sources
Punitive damages punish outrageous conduct and deter the defendant and others from repeating similar acts later. The award therefore looks forward to future behavior rather than merely compensating past injury.
…from normal sexual relations or of endangering Mary Doe's health through a possible pregnancy." Their claim is that sometime in the future Mrs. Doe might become pregnant because of possible failure of contraceptive measures, and at that time in the future she might want an abortion that might then be illegal under the Texas…